The rise of rightwing populism has sparked a renewed debate on the nature of fascism and its adaptation in the modern political landscape. Daniel Trilling's recent analysis, "The impossible promise: are we witnessing the return of fascism?" (April 18), challenges the assumption that fascism will always manifest in the same way. Instead, he argues that it evolves, responding to social and political pressures as they arise. This adaptability may represent history's retribution for the Enlightenment's unfulfilled promises of universal equality. This comprehensive guide covers shapeshifting fascism and the broken promises of social democracy in detail.
Trilling suggests that the resurgence of far-right movements is a reaction to the disillusionment with social democracy. As the promise of equality has been overshadowed by the competitive, neoliberal agenda, many working-class individuals find themselves gravitating towards rightwing populism. This shift is characterized by a perception that immigrants threaten community resources, leading to grassroots support for anti-immigrant sentiment. The strategy appears effective at the local level, where visible actions, such as protests against asylum seekers housed in hotels, can be perceived as victories. Originally reported by The Guardian.
Understanding Shapeshifting Fascism And The Broken Promises Of Social Democracy
Trilling's examination overlooks crucial elements of the far-right's appeal, particularly the Strasserite component represented by figures like Stephen Yaxley-Lennon. Strasserism, rooted in the working-class base of Nazism, often clashes with the populism espoused by leaders like Nigel Farage, who are seen as betraying working-class interests. This internal conflict raises questions about whether a revived class politics can fracture the far-right's support among workers.
Addressing the reality of economic concerns is essential. When local workers voice frustrations that Eastern European laborers are undercutting wages, simply countering with statistics on immigrants' contributions to the economy is ineffective. Instead, advocating for stronger trade union control over wages and the enforcement of minimum wage laws could unite both native and immigrant workers towards common goals, elevating their collective position rather than pitting them against each other.
Contrasting Enlightenment Ideals
Another layer to consider is the ongoing ideological struggle within Western European Enlightenment traditions. Steve Jefferys, an Emeritus Professor of European Employment Relations at London Metropolitan University, notes the tension between Hobbesian, strongman-led governance and Locke's property-based democracy on one side, contrasted with Voltaire's advocacy for freedoms and Rousseau's emphasis on the rights of the people on the other. This ideological battle has resurfaced as dictatorships and stark wealth inequalities fueled by modern capitalism challenge the foundations of liberal social democracy.
For over 75 years, there has been a gradual reduction in wealth disparities and a push towards greater equity in power distribution. Yet, the rise of extreme right movements signals a significant regression in these achievements, calling into question the stability of progress made in gender, racial, and economic equality.
The Banality of Evil in Modern Politics
Nesrine Malik's reflections on contemporary political dynamics underscore the unsettling nature of today's sociopolitical climate. In her piece, "Trump's presidency is what evil looks like: absurd, frightening, cruel" (April 20), she evokes Hannah Arendt's concept of "the banality of evil." This perspective aligns with Theodor Adorno's analysis in a 1951 essay, where he outlines the characteristics of fascist leaders-individuals who present themselves as superhuman yet relatable to the masses.
Adorno argues that successful fascist leaders must cultivate a dual persona, embodying both extraordinary power and an everyman quality. These leaders often thrive on the absence of a clear positive agenda, instead amplifying threats and fostering a culture of denial. The paradox of their appeal lies in their ability to connect with the fears and frustrations of the populace, which is crucial for their rise to power.
As the landscape of politics continues to shift, the interplay between populism, social democracy, and the specter of fascism remains a critical area of concern. The adaptability of these movements reflects a broader failure to meet the aspirations of the working class and the ongoing struggle for equity in a rapidly changing world.
Originally reported by The Guardian. View original.